I n this chapter, we describe methods for treating complex acid/base systems, including the calculation of titration curves. Calculations of pH and of titration curves are also described. The pH of human blood is controlled to be within the range of 7.35 to 7.45, primarily by the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system: CO 2 (g) 1 H 2 O(l) 8 H 2 CO 3 (aq) H 2 CO 3 (aq) 1 H 2 O(l) 8 H 3 O 1 (aq) 1 HCO 3 2 (aq) This chapter describes polyfunctional acid and base systems including buffer solutions. Shown here is a scanning electron micrograph of red blood cells travel-ing through an artery. The human body contains a complicated system of buffers within cells and within bodily fluids, such as human blood. Polyfunctional acids and bases play important roles in many chemical and biological systems.
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